View sample cancer research paper on liver cancer. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help Aug 18, · Cancer Research Paper Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world today. Studies show that one in three people will suffer from some form of cancer in their blogger.comted Reading Time: 6 mins Recent papers in Cancer. Papers; on the application of graph theory techniques into constructing and analyzing biologically-informed gene networks from cancer cell line data sets. Current research efforts have predominantly looked at an overall static, topological, representation of the network, and have not investigated the application of
Liver Cancer Research Paper - iResearchNet
This sample cancer research paper features: words approx. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a thorough research paper written cancer research paper to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates. This research paper on global burden of cancer, its trends and projections, is split into four themes.
The first section provides a basic description of the main sources of routine cancer information. The second section describes the international variation in cancer using the latest available cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence estimates.
Global trends of the most commonly occurring tumors are then presented in the third section, primarily based on high-quality incidence data from established cancer registries worldwide.
The final section discusses how the global profile of cancer might look aroundon the basis of projections of population aging and growth and some assumptions on future cancer trends.
Cancer incidence is the frequency of occurrence of new cases of cancer in a defined population for a given period of time. It can cancer research paper expressed as the absolute number of cases, although computation of rates is required for comparative purposes, with the denominator the person-time at risk from which the cases in the numerator arose.
The statistic is useful in providing clues to the underlying risk factors and in planning and prioritizing resources for primary prevention, where the aim is to reduce incidence via changes in cultural and personal patterns of behavior. Population-based cancer registries collect and classify information on all new cases of cancer in a defined population and provide statistics on occurrence for the purposes of assessing and controlling the impact of cancer in the community.
Registries may cover entire national populations or selected regions. The comparability, completeness, and accuracy of incidence data are essential in making reliable inferences regarding geographical and temporal variations in incidence rates.
The Cancer Incidence In Five Continents CI5 series, first published inis now in its eighth volume Parkin et al. Inclusion is a good marker of the quality of an individual registry, given that the editorial process includes numerous assessments of data quality. Mortality provides a measure of the impact of cancer and is expressed either as number of deaths occurring or as a mortality rate: The number of deaths per persons per year.
Mortality is a product of the incidence and the case fatality from a given cancer. Death rates estimate the average risk to the population of dying from a specific cancer, while fatality, the inverse of cancer survival the time cancer research paper elapsed cancer research paper the diagnosis of cancer and death from itrepresents the probability that an individual with cancer will die from it.
Data derive from vital registration systems, where usually a medical practitioner certifies the fact and cause of death. The International Classification of Diseases ICD provides a standardized system of nomenclature and coding, and a suggested format for the death certificate. Mortality data are affected by both the degree of detail and the quality of the information, that is, the accuracy of the recorded cause of death and the completeness of registration.
These are known to vary considerably between countries and over time. Mortality data are, however, more comprehensively available than incidence: The WHO mortality databank contains national cancer cancer research paper data on over 70 countries, and for cancer research paper, over extended periods of time.
This availability partly explains its common application as a surrogate for incidence in both geographic and temporal studies of cancer, although its use must be guarded where survival differences are suspected between the groups being compared. Prevalence is a more complex measure of cancer incidence, fatality, cancer research paper, and other influences operating in affected individuals prior to death or cure.
Partial prevalence is a useful measure for quantifying the resource requirements needed for treating and supporting cancer patients, as it limits the number of patients to those diagnosed during a fixed time in the past. Prevalence for cases diagnosed within a certain number of years are of relevance to initial treatment within 1 yearclinical follow-up 2—3 years and possible cure 4—5 years.
There are some exceptions, primarily that of female breast cancer, for which the risk of death remains higher than the general population for many more years. For several decades, the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC has complied and published estimates of global cancer burden.
The first publication in estimated cancer incidence for 12 common cancers in in 24 world areas Parkin et al.
This database contains regional and country-specific estimates of the cancer incidence, cancer research paper, mortality, and prevalence worldwide for 26 cancer sites Ferlay et al.
National cancer incidence and mortality data are available for a minority of countries of the world, so estimation procedures are necessary to obtain a comprehensive global picture of cancer. The available sources and methods used to derive the GLOBOCAN estimates are summarized in Table 1 and Figure 1 incidence and Figure 2 mortality.
The baseline data for the compilation are the cancer incidence, mortality, and survival data sets considered the best available within a given country. Incidence rates for a country are obtained wherever possible from cancer registries serving the whole population, or a representative sample of it, cancer research paper. The most recent national mortality data from the WHO databank are used to obtain information on cancer deaths.
As mortality data are available for many more countries than incidence Figures 1 and 2there are known problems of accuracy and completeness. Adjustments cancer research paper made where underrecording of mortality is suspected, and deaths recorded as uterus cancer are reallocated back to the specific sites of cervix or corpus uteri.
Global prevalence is estimated from combining the estimated incidence data with appropriate estimates of survival Pisani et al, cancer research paper. To provide a recent profile of global cancer burden as well as highlight some of the international variations, incidence, mortality, and prevalence estimates are presented from GLOBOCAN As well as describing the numbers of persons affected, comparisons of risk in different groups are described by the age-standardized rate using the weights from the world standard.
Such an adjustment for age allows for the differing population age structures between countries and regions. The cancer research paper variability of cancer research paper burden is briefly presented here according to 23 geographical areas for which the United Nations provides population estimates, cancer research paper.
In the following text, the terms developed and more developed refer to the regions or countries of North America, cancer research paper, Europe including all of the former USSR. Australia and New Zealand, and Japan, and developing cancer research paper less developed, the remainder. According to this classification and the corresponding United Nations UN population estimates, just over 5. Almost 11 million people were diagnosed with cancer inover 6.
These total cancer estimates exclude nonmelanoma skin cancers, given difficulties in cancer research paper accurate measurement and resultant lack of data. In terms of incidence, the leading four cancers, lung A similar percentage emerges for mortality, although lung cancer alone is responsible for one in every six of the deaths from cancer worldwide in Half of the global cancer mortality burden is explained by five cancers cancer research paper adding liver cancer responsible for 8.
The relative magnitude of prevalence reflects both incidence and prognosis, and therefore the most prevalent cancers are female breast The distribution and frequency of the different cancer types varies by sex and region as well by the measure used to profile disease burden. In women, cancer research paper, breast and cervical cancer rank first and second in frequency above colorectal, lung, and stomach cancers worldwide, while liver cancer in men ranks as the fifth most frequent cancer globally and the third most common cause of cancer death Figure 3 and Table 3.
Previous estimates for showed that the division of cancer burden between less and more developed countries was quite similar Parkin et al. According to world area, about one-fourth of the global incidence 2. On adjusting for population size and age structure, the comparison reveals a fourfold and threefold variation in age-standardized rates between regions in men and women, respectively Figure 3.
The relative importance of different cancer sites also varies between and within the developing and developed regions Table 3, cancer research paper. Liver and cervical cancer are the fourth and fifth most common new cancers after lung, stomach, and female breast in less developed regions, while the incidence of esophageal cancer ranking sixth is more common than colorectal cancer. In developed areas, prostate cancer ranks above stomach cancer as the fourth most frequent cancer in after lung, colorectal, cancer research paper, and female breastwhile cervical and esophageal cancer only rank 16th and 18th in frequency, respectively, cancer research paper.
The overall risk in different regions evidently reflects the additive contribution of different forms of cancer Figure 4so that in Northern Africa, for instance, rates are low for most cancer types other than bladder cancer in men and breast cancer in women. In contrast, in Southern Africa where rates are twice as high, there are elevated rates of a number of neoplasms including prostate, lung, and esophagus in men, and cervix and breast cancer in women.
Lung cancer has ranked as the most common neoplasm globally for several decades. Inover 1. Lung cancer incidence and mortality rates rank first in many developed and developing regions, cancer research paper. Age-adjusted incidence rates are highest in Northern America in both sexes and in Europe, particularly among Eastern European men Figure 5.
Moderately high rates of lung cancer are seen in Eastern Asia including China and Japan and Oceania, with rates lowest in Africa. Among women, breast cancer dominates in both developing and developed regions, with over 1. Thus, close to one in four of the five million women diagnosed with a cancer in were diagnosed cancer research paper breast cancer Table 3making it the second most frequent cancer when both sexes are considered together.
In terms of mortality, breast cancer ranks lower fifth and given the high incidence and relatively favorable prognosis, it is by far the most prevalent form of cancer, with almost cancer research paper. More than half the incident cases occur in the developed world, with the highest incidence seen in Northern America, Oceania, and Northern and Western Europe Figure 6.
There were just over one million new cases of colorectal cancer in Similar numbers of men and women are affected, with one in ten cancer patients diagnosed with this cancer. In more developed countries, two-thirds of a million colorectal cancer cases were estimated forranking it second to lung cancer in global frequency Table 2. It is the most common cause of cancer in Australia and New Zealand, and rates tend to be high in most developed regions Figure 7 and Table 5, cancer research paper.
In formerly low-risk Japan, markedly increasing trends in colorectal cancer incidence have cancer research paper observed in recent decades, cancer research paper the extent that Japanese populations now have among the highest incidence rates in the world. Stomach cancer has historically ranked cancer research paper the second most frequent cancer worldwide, but according to the estimates, the disease ranked fourth 0.
It remains the second most common cause of mortality from cancer, however, with 0. Roughly two-thirds of the new cases and deaths in occurred in men Table 3with a similar fraction occurring in developing countries. Rates are highest in Eastern Asia Figure 8notably in Japan, cancer research paper, where one in five cancers diagnosed were stomach cancer.
Rates are also elevated in Eastern Europe and in some South American countries, notably Uruguay and Argentina. An estimated 0. Mortality is much lower than incidence, with an estimated 0.
Three-quarters of the prostate cancer incidence worldwide occurred in the developed regions where the disease affects one in five male cancer patients. In contrast, rates in many developed countries are low: There is at least a 75fold variation in the incidence if one compares rates in the United States and China in The magnitude of such variations reflects more the high prevalence of prostate specific antigen PSA testing in some Western countries — as a means to detect latent cancers in asymptomatic individuals — than real differences in risk.
In this respect, mortality rates may be a better guide to true geographical differences than incidence. Liver cancer is the fifth most frequent cancer globally: Over 0. Due to its poor prognosis, it is also the third most common cause of cancer death after lung and stomach cancer, with just under 0. Much of the burden is observed among men and populations residing in developing regions: It is the third most common cancer of cancer incidence and cancer research paper second most common cause of cancer death among males.
Rates are highest in Eastern Asia, with China having half of the global liver cancer burden Figure Rates are also elevated in Central and Eastern Asia. Esophageal cancer was responsible for approximately 0.
Over four-fifths of the burden is borne by the less developed world, where it is the fourth most common cause of cancer death after lung, liver, and stomach cancer.
The geographic variability in the risk of esophageal cancer worldwide is striking, with the highest risk areas of the world in the so-called esophageal cancer belt, which extends from northern Iran through central Asia to north-central China.
Understanding Cancer Research
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Jun 15, · Only limited data are available to address this issue in pancreatic cancer. A recent paper from Ariyama et al. (44) reported a postoperative 5-year cumulative survival rate of % for patients with tumors blogger.com by: Dec 04, · List of 22 Cancer Research Paper Topics. Are children with cancer more likely to develop it again as an adult? Cancer is a deadly disease but can it relate to the foods we eat, lifestyles we follow and the cultures we have adopt. Cancer patients who have survived without medical treatment and fighting off with their will power and meditation View sample cancer research paper on liver cancer. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help
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